What does it mean when a reactor is described as "critical"?

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When a reactor is described as "critical," it means that the reactor is in a state where it is online and sustaining a controlled nuclear chain reaction. In this state, the neutron population within the reactor is stable, allowing the fission process to continue at a steady rate, which is necessary for the generation of power.

Being "critical" indicates that the reactor has achieved a balance where the number of neutrons produced is equal to the number of neutrons that escape from the reactor or are absorbed. This is essential for the reactor's normal operation, ensuring it can provide the necessary thermal energy that can be converted into electricity or propulsion.

In contrast, if a reactor were offline, undergoing maintenance, or in a state of emergency, it would either not be operational or not generating power. Thus, the term "critical" directly correlates with the reactor being fully functional and capable of producing energy as intended.

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